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<title>Unified Modeling Language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unified Modeling Language</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"UML" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="UML_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="UML (disambiguation)">UML (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">UML</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uml.org/">www<wbr>.uml<wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Unified Modeling Language</b> (<b>UML</b>) is a general-purpose, object-oriented, visual <a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">modeling language</a> that provides a way to visualize the architecture and design of a system; like a <a href="Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OMG_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UML defines notation for many types of diagrams which focus on aspects such as behavior, interaction, and structure.

</p><p>UML is both a formal metamodel and a collection of graphical templates. The metamodel defines the elements in an object-oriented model such as classes and properties. It is essentially the same thing as the metamodel in <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> (OOP), however for OOP, the metamodel is primarily used at run time to dynamically inspect and modify an application object model. The UML metamodel provides a mathematical, formal foundation for the graphic views used in the modeling language to describe an emerging system.

</p><p>UML was created in an attempt by some of the major thought leaders in the object-oriented community to define a standard language at the <a href="OOPSLA" title="OOPSLA">OOPSLA</a> '95 Conference. Originally, <a href="Grady_Booch" title="Grady Booch">Grady Booch</a> and <a href="James_Rumbaugh" title="James Rumbaugh">James Rumbaugh</a> merged their models into a unified model. This was followed by Booch's company <a href="Rational_Software" title="Rational Software">Rational Software</a> purchasing Ivar Jacobson's Objectory company and merging their model into the UML. At the time Rational and Objectory were two of the dominant players in the small world of independent vendors of object-oriented tools and methods.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a> (OMG) then took ownership of UML.

</p><p>The creation of UML was motivated by the desire to standardize the disparate nature of notational systems and approaches to software design at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, UML was adopted as a standard by the <a href="Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a> (OMG) and has been managed by this organization ever since. In 2005, UML was also published by the <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) and the <a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) as the <b>ISO/IEC 19501</b> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then the standard has been periodically revised to cover the latest revision of UML.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most developers do not use UML per se, but instead produce more informal diagrams, often hand-drawn. These diagrams, however, often include elements from UML.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 536">: 536 </span></sup>

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<p>UML is primarily used for <a href="Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> (in any industry or domain)<sup id="cite_ref-web-apps_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-apps-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also used outside elsewhere including <a href="Business_process" title="Business process">business processes</a>, <a href="Function_model" title="Function model">system functions</a>, <a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">database schemas</a>, <a href="Workflow" title="Workflow">workflow</a> in the legal systems, <a href="Medical_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical electronics">medical electronics</a>, <a href="Health_care_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care system">Health care systems</a>, and <a href="Hardware_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware design">hardware design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BJR-book_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJR-book-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>UML is designed for use with many object-oriented software development methods; both today and for the methods when it was first developed including <a href="Object-modeling_technique" title="Object-modeling technique">OMT</a>, <a href="Booch_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Booch method">Booch method</a>, <a href="Objectory" title="Objectory">Objectory</a>, and especially for <a href="Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">RUP</a> which it was originally intended to be used with when work began at Rational Software.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although originally intended for object-oriented design documentation, UML has been used effectively in other contexts such as modeling business process.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UML,_Success_Stories_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UML,_Success_Stories-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As UML is not inherently linked to a particular <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>, it can be used for modeling a system independent of language. Some <a href="UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML tools</a> generate <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> from a UML model.<sup id="cite_ref-importance-UML_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-importance-UML-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements">Elements</h3></div>

<p>UML diagrams support visualizing system aspects like:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Activity_(UML)" title="Activity (UML)">Activities</a> (jobs)</li>

<li><a href="Component_(UML)" title="Component (UML)">Components</a> and how they can interact</li>

<li><a href="User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li>

<li>How the system runs</li></ul>

<p>In addition to notational elements with well-defined meanings, UML diagrams also allow for free-form comments (notes) that explain aspects such as use, constraint, and intent.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharing">Sharing</h3></div>

<p>UML models can be exchanged among <a href="UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML tools</a> via the <a href="XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">XML Metadata Interchange</a> (XMI) format.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinality_notation">Cardinality notation</h3></div>

<p>As with database Chen, Bachman, and ISO <a href="ER_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="ER diagram">ER diagrams</a>, class models are specified to use "look-across" <a href="Cardinality_(data_modeling)" title="Cardinality (data modeling)">cardinalities</a>, even though several authors (<a href="Merise" title="Merise">Merise</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Elmasri & Navathe,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

amongst others<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)

prefer same-side or "look-here" for roles and both minimum and maximum cardinalities. Recent researchers (Feinerer<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

and Dullea et al.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)

have shown that the "look-across" technique used by UML and ER diagrams is less effective and less coherent when applied to <i>n</i>-ary relationships of order strictly greater than 2.

</p><p>Feinerer says: "Problems arise if we operate under the look-across semantics as used for UML associations. Hartmann<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

investigates this situation and shows how and why different transformations fail.", and: "As we will see on the next few pages, the look-across interpretation introduces several difficulties which prevent the extension of simple mechanisms from binary to <i>n</i>-ary associations."

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h3></div>

<p>An artifact

is the "specification of a physical piece of information that is used or produced by a <a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development process</a>, or by deployment and operation of a system"<sup id="cite_ref-OMG_Artifacts_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMG_Artifacts-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including models, <a href="Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, scripts, <a href="Executable" title="Executable">executables</a>, <a href="Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">tables</a> in <a href="Database_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Database systems">database systems</a>, development deliverables, a design <a href="Document" title="Document">documents</a>, and <a href="Email" title="Email">email</a> messages.<sup id="cite_ref-OMG_Artifacts_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMG_Artifacts-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An artifact is the physical entity that is deployed to a

<a href="Node_(UML)" title="Node (UML)">node</a><sup id="cite_ref-OMG_Artifacts_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMG_Artifacts-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Other UML elements such as classes and components are first manifest into artifacts and instances of these artifacts are then deployed. Artifacts can be composed of other artifacts.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</h3></div>

<p>The OMG developed a <a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">metamodeling</a> architecture to define UML, called the <a href="Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">Meta-Object Facility</a> (MOF).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOF is designed as a four-layered architecture, as shown in the image at right. It provides a meta-meta model at the top, called the M3 layer. This M3-model is the language used by Meta-Object Facility to build metamodels, called M2-models.

</p><p>The most prominent example of a Layer 2 Meta-Object Facility model is the UML metamodel, which describes UML itself. These M2-models describe elements of the M1-layer, and thus M1-models. These would be, for example, models written in UML. The last layer is the M0-layer or data layer. It is used to describe runtime instances of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The metamodel can be extended using a mechanism called <a href="Stereotype_(UML)" title="Stereotype (UML)">stereotyping</a>. This has been criticized as being insufficient/untenable by <a href="Brian_Henderson-Sellers" title="Brian Henderson-Sellers">Brian Henderson-Sellers</a> and Cesar Gonzalez-Perez in "Uses and Abuses of the Stereotype Mechanism in UML 1.x and 2.0".<sup id="cite_ref-UsesAbusesStereotype_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UsesAbusesStereotype-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagrams">Diagrams</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#eecd9c"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Diagrams">UML diagram types</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFDEAD">

Structural UML diagrams</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><a href="Class_diagram" title="Class diagram">Class diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Component_diagram" title="Component diagram">Component diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Composite_structure_diagram" title="Composite structure diagram">Composite structure diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Deployment_diagram" title="Deployment diagram">Deployment diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_diagram" title="Object diagram">Object diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_diagram" title="Package diagram">Package diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Profile_diagram" title="Profile diagram">Profile diagram</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#FFDEAD">

Behavioral UML diagrams</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left">

<ul><li><a href="Activity_diagram" title="Activity diagram">Activity diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Communication_diagram" title="Communication diagram">Communication diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Interaction_overview_diagram" title="Interaction overview diagram">Interaction overview diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequence_diagram" title="Sequence diagram">Sequence diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="UML_state_machine" title="UML state machine">State diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Timing_diagram_(Unified_Modeling_Language)" title="Timing diagram (Unified Modeling Language)">Timing diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_case_diagram" title="Use case diagram">Use case diagram</a></li></ul></td>

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<p>UML 2 defines many types of diagrams – shown as a <a href="Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomy</a> in the image.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_diagrams">Structure diagrams</h3></div>

<p>Structure diagrams emphasize the structure of the system – using objects, classifiers, relationships, attributes and operations. They are used to document <a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">software architecture</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Class_diagram" title="Class diagram">Class diagram</a> – Describes the structure of a class</li>

<li><a href="Component_diagram" title="Component diagram">Component diagram</a> – Describes how a software system is split into components and dependencies between the components</li>

<li><a href="Composite_structure_diagram" title="Composite structure diagram">Composite structure diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Deployment_diagram" title="Deployment diagram">Deployment diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_diagram" title="Object diagram">Object diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_diagram" title="Package diagram">Package diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Profile_diagram" title="Profile diagram">Profile diagram</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavior_diagrams">Behavior diagrams</h3></div>

<p>Behavior diagrams emphasize the behavior of a system by showing collaborations among objects and changes to the internal states of objects. They are used to describe the functionality of a system.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Activity_diagram" title="Activity diagram">Activity diagram</a> – Describes the business and operational activities of components</li>

<li><a href="State_machine_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="State machine diagram">State machine diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Use_case_diagram" title="Use case diagram">Use case diagram</a> – Depicts of a user's interaction with a system<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_diagrams">Interaction diagrams</h3></div>

<p>Interaction diagrams, a subset of behavior diagrams, emphasize the flow of control and data between components of a system.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Communication_diagram" title="Communication diagram">Communication diagram</a> – shows communication between components</li>

<li><a href="Interaction_overview_diagram" title="Interaction overview diagram">Interaction overview diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequence_diagram" title="Sequence diagram">Sequence diagram</a> – shows interactions arranged in time sequence; can be drawn via tools such as Lucidchart and Draw.io</li>

<li><a href="Timing_diagram_(Unified_Modeling_Language)" title="Timing diagram (Unified Modeling Language)">Timing diagram</a> – focuses on timing constraints</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Component diagram</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Class diagram</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Activity diagram</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Use case diagram</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Use case diagram</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Deployment diagram</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2></div>

<p>In 2013, UML had been marketed by OMG for many contexts, but aimed primarily at software development with limited success.<sup id="cite_ref-UML,_Success_Stories_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UML,_Success_Stories-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It has been treated, at times, as a design <a href="No_silver_bullet" class="mw-redirect" title="No silver bullet">silver bullet</a>, which leads to problems. UML misuse includes overuse (designing every part of the system with it, which is unnecessary) and assuming that novices can design with it.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It is considered a large language, with many <a href="Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">constructs</a>. Some people (including <a href="Ivar_Jacobson" title="Ivar Jacobson">Jacobson</a>) feel that UML's size hinders learning and therefore uptake.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> dropped support for UML in 2016 due to lack of use.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to <a href="Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Google Trends</a>, use of the term <i>UML</i> has declined since 2004 although leveled off in the last 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>UML has evolved since the second half of the 1990s and has its roots in the <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> methods developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The image shows a timeline of the history of UML and other object-oriented modeling methods and notation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div>

<p>Rational Software hired James Rumbaugh from <a href="General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> in 1994 and after that, the company became the source for two of the most popular object-oriented modeling approaches of the day:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumbaugh's <a href="Object-modeling_technique" title="Object-modeling technique">object-modeling technique</a> (OMT) and Grady Booch's method. They were soon assisted in their efforts by <a href="Ivar_Jacobson" title="Ivar Jacobson">Ivar Jacobson</a>, the creator of the <a href="Object-oriented_software_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented software engineering">object-oriented software engineering</a> (OOSE) method, who joined them at Rational in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>UML is originally based on the notations of the <a href="Booch_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Booch method">Booch method</a>, the <a href="Object-modeling_technique" title="Object-modeling technique">object-modeling technique</a> (OMT), and <a href="Object-oriented_software_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented software engineering">object-oriented software engineering</a> (OOSE), which were integrated into a single language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UML was developed at Rational Software in 1994–1995, with further development led by them through 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Under the technical leadership of Rumbaugh, Jacobson, and Booch, a consortium called the <a href="UML_Partners" title="UML Partners">UML Partners</a> was organized in 1996 to complete the <i>Unified Modeling Language (UML)</i> specification and propose it to the Object Management Group (OMG) for standardization. The partnership also contained additional interested parties (for example <a href="Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>, <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a>, <a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, and <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>). The UML Partners' UML 1.0 draft was proposed to the OMG in January 1997 by the consortium. During the same month, the UML Partners formed a group, designed to define the exact meaning of language constructs, chaired by <a href="Cris_Kobryn" title="Cris Kobryn">Cris Kobryn</a> and administered by Ed Eykholt, to finalize the specification and integrate it with other standardization efforts. The result of this work, UML 1.1, was submitted to the OMG in August 1997 and adopted by the OMG in November 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>After the first release, a task force was formed<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to improve the language, which released several minor revisions, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The standards it produced (as well as the original standard) have been noted as being ambiguous and inconsistent.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>UML 2.0 major revision replaced version 1.5 in 2005, which was developed with an enlarged consortium to improve the language further to reflect new experiences on the usage of its features.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although UML 2.1 was never released as a formal specification, versions 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 appeared in 2007, followed by UML 2.2 in February 2009. UML 2.3 was formally released in May 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-spec_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spec-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UML 2.4.1 was formally released in August 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-spec_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spec-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UML 2.5 was released in October 2012 as an "In progress" version and was officially released in June 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-spec_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spec-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The formal version 2.5.1 was adopted in December 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-OMG_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are four parts to the UML 2.x specification:

</p>

<ul><li>The Superstructure that defines the notation and semantics for diagrams and their model elements</li>

<li>The Infrastructure that defines the core metamodel on which the Superstructure is based</li>

<li>The <a href="Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">Object Constraint Language</a> (OCL) for defining rules for model elements</li>

<li>The UML Diagram Interchange that defines how UML 2 diagram layouts are exchanged</li></ul>

<p>Until UML 2.4.1, the latest versions of these standards were:<sup id="cite_ref-Versions2.4.1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versions2.4.1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>UML Superstructure version 2.4.1</li>

<li>UML Infrastructure version 2.4.1</li>

<li>OCL version 2.3.1</li>

<li>UML Diagram Interchange version 1.0.</li></ul>

<p>Since version 2.5, the UML Specification has been simplified (without Superstructure and Infrastructure), and the latest versions of these standards are now:<sup id="cite_ref-LatestVersions_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LatestVersions-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>UML Specification 2.5.1</li>

<li>OCL version 2.4</li></ul>

<p>It continues to be updated and improved by the revision task force, who resolve any issues with the language.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">Business Process Model and Notation</a> – Graphical representation for specifying business processes</li>

<li><a href="C4_model" title="C4 model">C4 model</a> – Technique for modelling software architecture</li>

<li><a href="Department_of_Defense_Architecture_Framework" title="Department of Defense Architecture Framework">Department of Defense Architecture Framework</a> – Enterprise architecture framework</li>

<li><a href="DOT_(graph_description_language)" title="DOT (graph description language)">DOT (graph description language)</a> – File format</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_tools" title="List of Unified Modeling Language tools">List of Unified Modeling Language tools</a></li>

<li><a href="MODAF" title="MODAF">MODAF</a> – Enterprise architecture framework</li>

<li><a href="Model-based_testing" title="Model-based testing">Model-based testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a> – Software development methodology</li>

<li><a href="Modeling_and_Analysis_of_Real_Time_and_Embedded_systems" title="Modeling and Analysis of Real Time and Embedded systems">Modeling and Analysis of Real Time and Embedded systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_role_analysis_and_modeling" title="Object-oriented role analysis and modeling">Object-oriented role analysis and modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">Process Specification Language</a> – Set of logic terms used to describe processes</li>

<li><a href="Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a> – General-purpose modeling language<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.5.1/PDF"><i>Unified Modeling Language 2.5.1</i></a>. Object Management Group Document Number formal/2017-12-05. Object Management Group Standards Development Organization. December 2017.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[1412.2458] Systems, Views and Models of UML. By Ruth Breu Radu Grosu Franz Huber Bernhard Rumpe Wolfgang Schwerin. arXiv arxiv.org</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modelseverywhere.wordpress.com/2010/11/13/from-unified-method-to-unified-language/">"From Unified Method to Unified Language"</a>. <i>modelseverywhere.wordpress.com</i>. 13 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informit.com/store/unified-modeling-language-user-guide-9780321267979"><i>Unified Modeling Language User Guide, The</i></a> (2 ed.). Addison-Wesley. 2005. p. 496. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0321267974</bdi>.</cite>

See the sample content: look for history</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=32620">"ISO/IEC 19501:2005 - Information technology - Open Distributed Processing - Unified Modeling Language (UML) Version 1.4.3"</a>. Iso.org. 1 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=32624">"ISO/IEC 19505-1:2012 - Information technology - Object Management Group Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML) - Part 1: Infrastructure"</a>. Iso.org. 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_BaltesStephan_Diehl2014" class="citation book cs1">Sebastian Baltes; Stephan Diehl (11 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/2635868.2635891">"Sketches and diagrams in practice"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 22nd <a href="ACM_SIGSOFT" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGSOFT">ACM SIGSOFT</a> International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering</i>. FSE 2014. <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">530–</span>541. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.09172">1706.09172</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2635868.2635891">10.1145/2635868.2635891</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4503-3056-5</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2436333">2436333</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-web-apps-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-web-apps_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFConallen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Conallen, Jim (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=317677&type=pdf&CFID=36848136&CFTOKEN=65755783">"Modeling Web Application Architectures with UML"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>42</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>70. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F317665.317677">10.1145/317665.317677</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BJR-book-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BJR-book_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1">"Grady Booch, Jacobson and Rumbaugh book".</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Hunt (2000). <i>The Unified Process for Practitioners: Object-oriented Design, UML and Java</i>. Springer, 2000. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85233-275-1</bdi>. p. 5.door</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satish Mishra (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~hs/Lehre/2004-WS_SWQS/20050107_Ex_UML.ppt">"Visual Modeling & Unified Modeling Language (UML): Introduction to UML"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091651/http://www2.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~hs/Lehre/2004-WS_SWQS/20050107_Ex_UML.ppt">Archived</a> 20 July 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Rational Software Corporation. Accessed 9 November 2008.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-UML,_Success_Stories-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UML,_Success_Stories_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UML,_Success_Stories_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uml.org/uml_success_stories/index.htm">"UML, Success Stories"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-importance-UML-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-importance-UML_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coderanch.com/t/98273/patterns/importance-UML">"Importance of UML"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4.1/Superstructure/PDF">"OMG Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML), Superstructure. Version 2.4.1"</a>. Object Management Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubert Tardieu, Arnold Rochfeld and René Colletti La methode MERISE: Principes et outils (Paperback - 1983)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elmasri, Ramez, B. Shamkant, Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, third ed., Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 2000.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaolo_AtzeniWesley_ChuHongjun_LuShuigeng_Zhou2004" class="citation book cs1">Paolo Atzeni; Wesley Chu; Hongjun Lu; Shuigeng Zhou; Tok Wang Ling, eds. (27 October 2004). <i>Conceptual Modeling – ER 2004: 23rd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling, Shanghai, China, November 8–12, 2004</i>. <a href="Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science" title="Lecture Notes in Computer Science">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</a> 3288 (2004 ed.). <a href="Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3540237232</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIngo_Feinerer2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Ingo Feinerer (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629135535/https://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub-inf_4582.pdf"><i>A Formal Treatment of UML Class Diagrams as an Efficient Method for Configuration Management</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctor of Technical Sciences thesis). Vienna: Technical University of Vienna. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub-inf_4582.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJames_DulleaIl-Yeol_SongIoanna_Lamprou2003" class="citation journal cs1">James Dullea; Il-Yeol Song; Ioanna Lamprou (1 November 2003). "An analysis of structural validity in entity-relationship modeling". <i>Data & Knowledge Engineering</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">167–</span>205. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-023X%2803%2900049-1">10.1016/S0169-023X(03)00049-1</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSven_Hartmann2003" class="citation conference cs1">Sven Hartmann (17 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.5555/820085.820110"><i>Reasoning about participation constraints and Chen's constraints</i></a>. ADC '03: Proceedings of the 14th Australasian database conference. <a href="Australian_Computer_Society" title="Australian Computer Society">Australian Computer Society</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">105–</span>113.</cite> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"></a></span></span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OMG_Artifacts-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OMG_Artifacts_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMG_Artifacts_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OMG_Artifacts_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Artifacts". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.5.1/PDF"><i>Unified Modeling Language 2.5.1</i></a>. <a href="Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a> Document Number formal/2017-12-05. <a href="Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a> Standards Development Organization (OMG SDO). December 2017. p. 656.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iman Poernomo (2006) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calcium.dcs.kcl.ac.uk/1259/1/acm-paper.pdf">The Meta-Object Facility Typed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630002118/http://calcium.dcs.kcl.ac.uk/1259/1/acm-paper.pdf">Archived</a> 30 June 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" in: <i>Proceeding SAC '06 Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Applied computing</i>. pp. 1845–1849</span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.4.1/Infrastructure/PDF/">"UML 2.4.1 Infrastructure"</a>. Omg.org. 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-UsesAbusesStereotype-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UsesAbusesStereotype_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Henderson-SellersCesar_Gonzalez-Perez2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Brian_Henderson-Sellers" title="Brian Henderson-Sellers">Brian Henderson-Sellers</a>; Cesar Gonzalez-Perez (1 October 2006). "Uses and abuses of the stereotype mechanism in UML 1.x and 2.0". <i>MoDELS '06: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems</i>. <a href="Lecture_Notes_in_Computer_Science" title="Lecture Notes in Computer Science">Lecture Notes in Computer Science</a> 4199. <b>4199</b>. <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany: <a href="Springer-Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer-Verlag">Springer-Verlag</a>: <span class="nowrap">16–</span>26. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F11880240_2">10.1007/11880240_2</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-45772-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Holt Institution of Electrical Engineers (2004). <i>UML for Systems Engineering: Watching the Wheels</i> IET, 2004, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-86341-354-4</bdi>. p. 58</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel Almendros-Jiménez, Jesús & Iribarne, Luis. (2007). Describing Use-Case Relationships with Sequence Diagrams. Comput. J.. 50. 116-128. 10.1093/comjnl/bxl053.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/uml-25-do-you-even-care/240163702?queryText=uml">"UML 2.5: Do you even care?"</a>. <i>Dr. Dobb's</i>.</cite> "UML truly is ubiquitous"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=984495">"Death by UML Fever"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/interviews/Ivar_Jacobson">"Ivar Jacobson on UML, MDA, and the future of methodologies"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrill2016" class="citation web cs1">Krill, Paul (18 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/3131600/uml-to-be-ejected-from-microsoft-visual-studio.html">"UML to be ejected from Microsoft Visual Studio"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230723193301/https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&geo=US&q=UML&hl=en">"Google Trends"</a>. <i>Google Trends</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&geo=US&q=UML&hl=en">the original</a> on 23 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Zendler (1997) <i>Advanced Concepts, Life Cycle Models and Tools for Objeckt-Oriented Software Development</i>. p. 122</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/97-08-11">"UML Specification version 1.1 (OMG document ad/97-08-11)"</a>. Omg.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/">"UML"</a>. Omg.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Génova et alia 2004 "Open Issues in Industrial Use Case Modeling"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.0/">"UML 2.0"</a>. Omg.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-spec-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spec_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spec_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spec_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/spec/UML/">"UML"</a>. Omg.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Versions2.4.1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Versions2.4.1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOMG" class="citation web cs1">OMG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omg.org/spec/#M&M">"OMG Formal Specifications (Modeling and Metadata paragraph)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LatestVersions-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LatestVersions_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOMG" class="citation web cs1">OMG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/About-UML/">"about the unified modeling language specification"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issues.omg.org/issues/lists/uml2-rtf">"Issues for UML 2.6 Revision task Force mailing list"</a>. Omg.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAmbler2004" class="citation book cs1">Ambler, Scott William (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100131215505/http://www.ambysoft.com/books/theObjectPrimer.html"><i>The Object Primer: Agile Model Driven Development with UML 2</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-54018-6</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambysoft.com/books/theObjectPrimer.html">the original</a> on 31 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChonolesJames_A._Schardt2003" class="citation book cs1">Chonoles, Michael Jesse; James A. Schardt (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uml2fordummies00chon"><i>UML 2 for Dummies</i></a>. Wiley Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7645-2614-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFowler2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Martin_Fowler_(software_engineer)" title="Martin Fowler (software engineer)">Fowler, Martin</a> (2004). <i>UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language</i> (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-321-19368-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJacobsonGrady_BoochJames_Rumbaugh1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Ivar_Jacobson" title="Ivar Jacobson">Jacobson, Ivar</a>; Grady Booch; James Rumbaugh (1998). <i>The Unified Software Development Process</i>. Addison Wesley Longman. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-57169-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Robert_Cecil_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Cecil Martin">Martin, Robert Cecil</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/umlforjavaprogra00mart"><i>UML for Java Programmers</i></a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-13-142848-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNoran,_Ovidiu_S." class="citation web cs1">Noran, Ovidiu S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240718044149/https://www.area-c54.it/public/business%20modelling%20-%20uml%20vs%20idef.pdf">"Business Modelling: UML vs. IDEF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.area-c54.it/public/business%20modelling%20-%20uml%20vs%20idef.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHorst_Kargl" class="citation web cs1">Horst Kargl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umlnotation.sparxsystems.eu/">"Interactive UML Metamodel with additional Examples"</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPenkerHans-Erik_Eriksson2000" class="citation book cs1">Penker, Magnus; <a href="Hans-Erik_Eriksson" title="Hans-Erik Eriksson">Hans-Erik Eriksson</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/businessmodeling00erik"><i>Business Modeling with UML</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-29551-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDouglass,_Bruce_Powel" class="citation web cs1">Douglass, Bruce Powel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bruce-douglass.com/">"Bruce Douglass: Real-Time Agile Systems and Software Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(web)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2014" class="citation book cs1">Douglass, Bruce (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/businessmodeling00erik"><i>Real-Time UML Workshop 2nd Edition</i></a></span>. Newnes. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-29551-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2004" class="citation book cs1">Douglass, Bruce (2004). <i>Real-Time UML 3rd Edition</i>. Newnes. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0321160768</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2002" class="citation book cs1">Douglass, Bruce (2002). <i>Real-Time Design Patterns</i>. Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0201699562</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2009" class="citation book cs1">Douglass, Bruce (2009). <i>Real-Time Agility</i>. Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0321545497</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2010" class="citation book cs1">Douglass, Bruce (2010). <i>Design Patterns for Embedded Systems in C</i>. Newnes. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1856177078</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/UML" class="extiw external" title="v:UML">UML</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uml.org/">Official website</a></span></span> </li>

<li>Current UML specification: <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.5.1/PDF"><i>Unified Modeling Language 2.5.1</i></a>. <a href="Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a> Document Number formal/2017-12-05. <a href="Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a> Standards Development Organization (OMG SDO). December 2017.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unified_Modeling_Language80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Unified_Modeling_Language80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Organizations</i>

<ul><li><a href="Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a></li>

<li><a href="UML_Partners" title="UML Partners">UML Partners</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>Persons</i>

<ul><li><a href="Grady_Booch" title="Grady Booch">Grady Booch</a></li>

<li><a href="Ivar_Jacobson" title="Ivar Jacobson">Ivar Jacobson</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Rumbaugh" title="James Rumbaugh">James Rumbaugh</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Use_case_diagram" title="Use case diagram"></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Object oriented</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_analysis_and_design" title="Object-oriented analysis and design">Object-oriented analysis and design</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_modeling" title="Object-oriented modeling">Object-oriented modeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Actor_(UML)" title="Actor (UML)">Actor</a></li>

<li><a href="Attribute_(computing)" title="Attribute (computing)">Attribute</a></li>

<li><a href="Artifact_(UML)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artifact (UML)">Artifact</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">Class</a></li>

<li><a href="Component_(UML)" title="Component (UML)">Component</a></li>

<li><a href="Protocol_(object-oriented_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (object-oriented programming)">Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">Object</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_(UML)" title="Package (UML)">Package</a></li>

<li><a href="Profile_diagram" title="Profile diagram">Profile diagram</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Activity_(UML)" title="Activity (UML)">Activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_(UML)" title="Event (UML)">Event</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_passing" title="Message passing">Message</a></li>

<li><a href="Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">Method</a></li>

<li><a href="State_(computer_science)" title="State (computer science)">State</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Association_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Association (object-oriented programming)">Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_composition" title="Object composition">Composition</a></li>

<li><a href="Coupling_(computer_programming)" title="Coupling (computer programming)">Dependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalization" title="Generalization">Generalization</a> (or <a href="Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">Inheritance</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extensibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Profile_(UML)" title="Profile (UML)">Profile</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereotype_(UML)" title="Stereotype (UML)">Stereotype</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Class_diagram#Multiplicity" title="Class diagram">Multiplicity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagrams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Class_diagram" title="Class diagram">Class</a></li>

<li><a href="Component_diagram" title="Component diagram">Component</a></li>

<li><a href="Composite_structure_diagram" title="Composite structure diagram">Composite structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Deployment_diagram" title="Deployment diagram">Deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_diagram" title="Object diagram">Object</a></li>

<li><a href="Package_diagram" title="Package diagram">Package</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Activity_diagram" title="Activity diagram">Activity</a></li>

<li><a href="UML_state_machine" title="UML state machine">State Machine</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communication_diagram" title="Communication diagram">Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Sequence_diagram" title="Sequence diagram">Sequence</a></li>

<li><a href="Interaction_overview_diagram" title="Interaction overview diagram">Interaction overview</a></li>

<li><a href="Timing_diagram_(Unified_Modeling_Language)" title="Timing diagram (Unified Modeling Language)">Timing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language (SysML)</a></li>

<li><a href="UXF" title="UXF">UML eXchange Format (UXF)</a></li>

<li><a href="XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML (xUML)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_terms" title="Glossary of Unified Modeling Language terms">Glossary of UML terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">Rational Unified Process</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Unified_Modeling_Language_tools" title="List of Unified Modeling Language tools">List of Unified Modeling Language tools</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_Modeling_in_Color" title="Object Modeling in Color">Object Modeling in Color</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_engineering336" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Software_engineering336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>

<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>

<li><a href="Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Compatibility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li>

<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li>

<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>

<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li>

<li><a href="View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification"> Requirements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional requirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Capacity_planning" title="Capacity planning"> Capacity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_users" title="Active users"> Users</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processing units"> Compute</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory"> Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)"> Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">Web traffic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)"> Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)"> Client</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)"> Load balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="System_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="System Integration"> Integration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration"> Vertical</a></li>

<li><a href="API_management" title="API management"> API Gateway</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_store" title="Event store"> Event Source</a></li>

<li><a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing"> Batch</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestration_(computing)" title="Orchestration (computing)"> Orchestration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Architectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectures">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application"> Monolithic</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a></li>

<li><a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture"> Event-Driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model"> Client–server</a></li>

<li><a href="Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing"> Serverless</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">Rate limiting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database"> Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database"> Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database"> Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_series_database" title="Time series database"> Time series</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_orientation" title="Data orientation"> Column Oriented</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design"> Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">Consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance"> Maintainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration"> Configurability</a></li>

<li><a href="Modularity" title="Modularity">Modularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Durability_(database_systems)" title="Durability (database systems)"> Durability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Service_statelessness_principle" title="Service statelessness principle"> Stateless</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">Asynchronous I/O</a></li>

<li><a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)"> Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">Consistent hashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">Latency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)"> Cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)"> Shard </a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Database index</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_prefetching" title="Cache prefetching"> Pre-caching</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage"> Block storage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Observability_(software)" title="Observability (software)"> Observability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)"> Logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_metric" title="Software metric"> Metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)"> Tracing </a></li>

<li><a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate"> Error rate </a></li>

<li><a href="Queries_per_second" title="Queries per second">Queries per second </a></li>

<li><a href="Notification_system" title="Notification system">Notification system</a></li>

<li><a href="Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Organization_for_Standardization_(ISO)_standards364" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_Organization_for_Standardization_(ISO)_standards364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) standards</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_27000_family" title="ISO/IEC 27000 family">27000 series</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1160249">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4469781-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97003561">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131836959">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131836959">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="UML (modelovací jazyk)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135581&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007563763605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/29dfec03-1f37-458d-85b0-ac43e538def9">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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